A Special Gift Essays

A Special Gift Essays A Special Gift Essay A Special Gift Essay A customer has planned to go to the gift shop named â€Å"Samanikalo† to buy a special gift for her daughter. The salesman and the sales girl is dealing with the customer to choose a better gift for her daughter. The conversation begins as follow: Sales Girl: Hi, madam. How can I help you? Customer: I want to purchase a gift for my daughter to give it on her birthday. Sales Girl: How old is she? Customer : She is just nine years old. It should be something special and unique.Remember must be surprised too. Sales Girl: You know ours is the biggest gift shop in Malaysia isn’t? We have a large collection of gift items. We shall show you the latest items. Customer: Suggest me the items that can make my daughter happy. Salesman : Oh, sure madam. We would promote you to buy a doll named â€Å"Akka Chokka† which made in Abudabi. Customer: Let me see it first. Can you tell about the specialty of this doll?Salesman: Oh, of course. It greets in different languages, sings w onderful songs and shows emotional feelings. Customer: Can you show me? I want to see how it works. Salesman: ok. (Action) Customer: Oh, it’s really really beautiful. I really like it. Hope my daughter likes it too. Salesman: Yes, this doll is very popular among the female children. Sales Girl: Sure your daughter will like it. Customer: Can you tell me how to operate it?Salesman: Yes, press this green button and it will start greeting and when you press this yellow button it starts singing. Then, pull the string to show it’s emotional feelings. It’s too simple. Customer: All right. How much its cost for? Sales Girl: It would be for RM 100 only. Customer: Won’t you give some discounts ? Sales Girl: Yes madam, I can offer you ten-percent discount. Customer: That’s ok. Please pack it. Sales Girl: Here is your bill, madam. Customer: All right. Thank you. Sales Girl: Most welcome. Please visit us again.

5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists

5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists 5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists 5 Sentences with Problematic Parallelism in Lists By Mark Nichol It’s too bad you can’t eat grammatical errors or use them to fill your gas tank, because they’re a cheap, endlessly renewable resource. Here’s a five-course meal of sentences with troublesome structure, starting with dessert. 1. â€Å"The writer will sit, eat, and interview the subject.† It seems more logical for the writer to interview the subject after being seated but before eating him or her, but whatever. If the intended meaning of the statement is that the writer will dine with the subject rather than cannibalistically consume him or her, however, the sentence should be revised as follows: â€Å"The writer will sit and eat with, and interview, the subject.† Better yet, for a smoother flow to the sentence, introduce a pronoun: â€Å"The writer will sit and eat with the subject and interview him [or her].† 2. â€Å"The committee consists of the executive directors of the Bay Area Toll Authority, California Transportation Commission, and California Department of Transportation.† Normally, items in a list can share an article (â€Å"the birds, bees, flowers, and trees†), or each can have its own (â€Å"the birds, the bees, the flowers, and the trees†), but when the list items are proper nouns, it’s best to assign an article to each one so that it doesn’t appear that the entities after the first one are erroneously referred to without an article: â€Å"The committee consists of the executive directors of the Bay Area Toll Authority, the California Transportation Commission, and the California Department of Transportation.† 3. â€Å"His contribution to the interior design of the home is his impressive antique musical instruments and modern art collection.† The statement implies that the collection consists of antique musical instruments and modern art, but technically, the reference should be to two distinct collections, described in the plural form and with each description preceded by its own plural pronoun: â€Å"His contributions to the interior design of the home are his impressive antique musical instruments and his modern art collection.† Alternatively, the sentence could be revised as follows, with the collections referred to as a single contribution or a pair of contributions: â€Å"His contribution(s) to the interior design of the home is (or are) his impressive collections of antique musical instruments and modern art.† 4. â€Å"The organization promotes sustainable landscaping practices, green building-construction methods and products, and minimizing pesticide use in the home.† The inconsistency of syntax here is that the first two items are modified with adjectives, while the third is described as an action. Change the verb in the final item to an adjective: â€Å"The organization promotes sustainable landscaping practices, green building-construction methods and products, and minimal pesticide use in the home.† Alternatively, introduce verbs into each of the other items: â€Å"The organization promotes employing sustainable landscaping practices, utilizing green building-construction methods and products, and minimizing pesticide use in the home.† 5. â€Å"Here come the summer movies- the usual formulaic action flicks, dumb comedies, and sequels.† This sentence is not wrong, but the rhythm is off because the first two items are preceded by adjectives but the final element is a bare noun. Introduce an adjective before that item for parallel structure: â€Å"Here come the summer movies- the usual formulaic action flicks, dumb comedies, and weak sequels.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Synonyms for â€Å"Meeting†One Fell SwoopApostrophe with Plural Possessive Nouns

Why are there different perspectives on change within organisations Essay - 1

Why are there different perspectives on change within organisations Consider your answer in relation to both theory and practice and with an attention to value(s) and valorisation - Essay Example Organizational change is at the heart of contemporary organization research. Numerous theories were developed, to ensure smooth and efficient implementation of organizational change frameworks. It is unequivocally acknowledged that leaders and managers view organizational change in entirely different ways. More important is the complexity of governmental change and change management. Apparently, there is a need to explore the relevance of multiple organizational change perspectives in more detail. The following research accentuates that organizational change is the concept with no clear boundaries and draws on a number of traditions and social science disciplines (Hughes 2006). The complexity in organizational change phenomenon justifies the presence of multiple transformation management perspectives. Organizational change is interpreted in a number of ways. Numerous literatures exist on the various perspectives on organizational change and change management. The organizational change process is extremely complex. Generally, organizations apply to change, with the goal to transform and, consequentially, adapt to environmental changes (Stacey 1995, p. 477-478). Organizational change is always rational and intentional (Stacey 1995, p. 478). Most organization suppositions explicate and confirm the variability of organizational characteristics (Hannan & Freeman 1994, p. 149). The multitude of organizational change perspectives can be interpreted from a number of viewpoints. The causes and anticipated consequences of organizational change greatly affect organization attitudes to change. Environmental variables and the disciplines on which organizational change frameworks build matter a lot. The issue in question should be interpreted through the prism of the organizations’ values, missions, and performance principles. All these factors warrant examination and have to be considered in more

Wounding With Intent and Malicious Infliction of Grievous Bodily Harm Essay

Wounding With Intent and Malicious Infliction of Grievous Bodily Harm or Wounding - Essay Example This paper illustrates that because Stan did not intend to cause grievous bodily harm but only intended to instill fear in Helen, his mental state is insufficient to establish the mens rea requirement for wounding with intent. Malice, however, which is the required state of mind for malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or wounding, can be inferred by the defendant’s conduct and is unrelated to his motive, according to the leading case of Re A (children) (conjoined twins) [2000] 4 All ER 961. While Stan claims that he did not intend to inflict bodily injuries, and his motive was to make her afraid rather than to hurt her, general malice can be inferred by his act of throwing a bottle directly at Helen. Thus, the mens rea requirement for the lesser offenses of malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or malicious wounding is all that can be established from the facts. Depending on whether or not Helen’s injuries were a wound or were grievous under the Offences Against The Person Act of 1861 s.20, Stan may have committed a malicious infliction of grievous bodily harm or malicious wounding. The Act prohibits the unlawful and malicious wounding of another person (meaning the â€Å"breaking of the continuity of the whole of the outer skin, or the inner skin within the cheek or lip†) as well as the unlawful and malicious infliction of grievous, or serious, bodily harm (a jury question). If both a wound and grievous bodily harm exist, R v McCready [1978] 1 WLR 1376 mandates that the correct charge is unlawful wounding. The bottle that Stan threw at Helen caused a deep cut that required stitches. Thus the breaking of the skin requirement for unlawful wounding is clearly met. Grievous bodily harm may also be present since such a deep cut is arguably serious according to the plain meaning of the word, but this question does not need to be addressed since the holding in McCready requires that the charge be unlawful wounding under s.20 if a wound is present. Thus, the crime that Stan probably committed is malicious wounding.

Value of UK Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Value of UK Culture - Essay Example The notion of art as people understand today is not the same as people in the past know it (What is Art 1998). In reality, the term art and artist are modern innovations (What is Art 1998). The aesthetic manifestations were appreciated by people at various times but not as an art form (What is Art 1998). Artists in the past were classified as craftsmen, along with shoemakers and weavers. They were later leveled with poets and musicians whose works are subject to imagination and inspiration (What is Art 1998). Art has not been given a suitable definition (What is Art 1998). Art is also an experience, a personal experience in that different persons may have different interpretations of an art. Therefore, an item of art can have different financial value according to different persons. The experience derived from art should be taken into consideration in appraising the worth of an art (Parker 2003). Current forms of art works include â€Å"painting, sculpture, printmaking, drawing, decorative arts, photography, and installation† (â€Å"art† 2009, para. 4). According to the Gestalt psychology, visual images are arranged by the nervous system to a form that conforms to dominant conditions (Funch 1997). Human perception is inclined towards â€Å"balance and symmetry† and any stimulus is arranged to achieve balance thereby producing a â€Å"good gestalt† (Funch 1997, p. 78). Since an art work is already a good gestalt, the audience becomes involved with the art work and â€Å"benefit from the new reality created by the artist (Funch 1997, p. 78). An artist externalises his world and draws the viewer to that world without the influence of other factors except those embodied in the art work (Koffka, 1940, cited in Funch 1997). The Gestalt psychology, according to Theodor Lipps, is the basis of the Empathy Theory (by Theodor Lipps) and Aesthetic Theory (by Charles Henry) (Funch 1997). As in other civilizations of the past and countries at the present,

Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening

Cystic Fibrosis Newborn Screening Cystic fibrosis is a common autosomal recessive genetic disorder1. This means that to have cystic fibrosis, a person must have inherited a defective gene from each of his or her parents2. This gene is located on chromosome seven2. Absence or mutation in this particular gene results in worse performance or absence of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator2. This is most commonly found in Europe, North America, and Australia1. This gene manages anion transport and mucociliary clearance in the airways1. With the failure of this function, the results are mucus retention and chronic infection in the lungs1. Nowadays, modern technology provides aid for patients with their diseases and gives them a longer and more active life. Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis is a modern technological advance which is designed to detect early signs of cystic fibrosis. Several methods under the name of the Newborn Screening are used to detect whether a newborn has cystic fibrosis or not1. These methods include immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) testing combined with DNA mutation analysis and the sweat chloride test1. IRT stands for Immunoreactive Trypsinogen Test. The procedure of this test is a chemical reaction. Trypsinogen is made from the pancreas, and it normally transmits to the intestines where it is activated to a form of an enzyme called trypsin. In a patient who has cystic fibrosis, the thick mucus covers the pancreatic ducts1. Therefore, trypsinogen wont reach the intestines, and the amount of trypsinogen goes up. This test runs with a blood sample, and if the results come out with a normal level of trypsinogen, then this test is reliable, but if there is a high level of trypsinogen, then more tests need to be run to find out whether the patient has cystic fibrosis or not. A sweat chloride test is the amount of chloride in patients sweat. In a patient that has Cystic Fibrosis, the sweat chloride test will result in significantly higher levels of chloride in sweat than a person that does not have cystic fibrosis due to the restricted movement of chloride. The gene mutation test is a DNA sequencing test to locate a defective gene in the chromosome. There are many different types of mutations that can cause a deficiency in the production of the CFTR protein. More than 2000 CFTR variants have been discovered1. About 15% of the identified gene variants are not associated with CF1. CFTR mutations can be classified into six classes according to their effects on protein function1. Classification is helpful because it relates to the molecular and cellular processes in gene translation and protein processing and has some useful clinical relations1. Class I, II, and III mutations are associated with no residual CFTR function and patients with these mutations on average have a severe phenotype, whereas individuals with class IV, V, and VI mutations have some residual function of CFTR protein and have a mild lung phenotype and pancreatic deficiency1. Today, different laboratories use a wide variety of panels depending on the patients need, like t he twenty-three panel or panel of seventy. The following is an example of a molecular CF test. Lab Corporation of America published a procedure for a Cystic Fibrosis molecular diagnostic3; The coding sequence of CFTR is amplified by polymerase chain reaction and each PCR product (amplicon) then sequenced bi-directionally, using Sanger sequencing methodology. CFTR Chr7(q31,2) Nucleotide Change Amino Acid Change Consequencing Zygosity Relation to Cystic Fibrosis c.1327G>T p.Asp443Tyr missense mutation homozygous recessive, associated 1. Prof J Stuart Elbom, Cystic Fibrosis, Lancet, 19-25 November 2016, Volume 388, Issue 10059, page 2519-2531 2. The Clinical and Functional Translation of CFTR(CFTR2) at Copyright 2011 US CF Foundation, John Hopkins University The Hospital for Sick Children; available at https://cftr2.org. 3. Corporation of America Published Documents   2014   available @ http://oneworld.labcorp.com/Billing/TestMaster/Resource Center/Sample Reports/C-4/Cystic Fibrosis (CF) CFTR 252763.pdf

Dover Beach Essay -- essays research papers

In the poem "Dover Beach",witten in 1867 Matthew Arnold creates the mood of the poem through the usage of different types of imagery. He uses a dramatic plot in the form of a soliloquy. Arnold also uses descriptive adjectives, similes and metaphors to create the mood. Through the use of these literary elements, Arnold portrays the man standing before the window pondering the sound of the pebbles tossing in the waves as representation of human suffering. The man arrives at the vision of humanity being helpless against nature. Arnold creates the mood by suggesting mental pictures, actions, sights and sounds the man sees. Some examples are "folds of a bright girdle furled", "lie before us like a land of dreams" and "moon-blanched land". Arnold's use of different types of imagery and descriptive adjectives to induce sensory impressions of the setting, create the fluctuating mood of the poem, which is the eternal struggle of nature over man. In "Dover Beach", Matthew Arnold uses detailed adjectives and sensory imagery to describe the setting and portray the beginning mood, which begins with the illusion of natural beauty and ends with tragic human experience. The poem begins two-part stanzas, the first which is promising and hopeful; the second replaces optimism with a reality which is grim. Arnold uses contrast when he appeals to the sense of sight in the first section and to hearing in the second. Arnold starts with the descriptions of the "calm sea", "fair tide" and the "vast" cliffs which create a calming, innocent appearance. This sets the mood of peace and contentment which the speaker feels when he gazes out upon the sea. "Come to the window, sweet is the night-air", gives the reader the impression of a cool, summer night. The mood begins to be soothing and calming to the reader. Arnold then however, begins to change the tone. Arnold describes, "The grating ro ar of pebbles, Of the pebbles which the waves draw back", with "a tremulous cadence". This portrays the image of an imaginary battle on the land of Dover. Arnold writes of the horrible sound of the pebbles beating away at the land. The pebbles are eroding the land away, which the speaker thrives off of and adores. Arnold illustrates the man's internal battle with the land destroying his home... ...t". This metaphor ties together how the speaker's battle is very similar to a soldier's battle. The speaker's battle however, is futile to fight, because he knows he will never win. All in all, the fluctuating mood and usage of descriptive adjectives to illustrate the setting, tie the poem together and create the mood Arnold was looking to achieve. The image of the tides battling with the land when they meet, is merged with the consequent destiny of humanity to battle fruitless fights with nature. Arnold's method of illustrating the setting is different than the other two poems because he uses detailed imagery almost completely to reveal the mood of the story. He also uses a fluctuating plot that goes back and forth from human defeat to contentment. Jown Cowper, writer of "Suspended Judgements", critiqued Maupassant on "Dover Beach". Cowper said "Maupassant develops the mood by dividing the poem into three stanza to represent the speaker' s fluctuation from peace of mind to despair. This proves to be very effective, by showing the indecisiveness of the speaker. Maupassant also uses images of the setting to create the mood" (Cowper, 1919, 43).

The Millers Prologue And Tale Analysis English Literature Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer was a mediaeval author and regarded as the greatest of Middle English authors. Born in London, Chaucer was the boy of a affluent merchandiser who sent him to be trained at a baronial family. There he was educated and began to take journeys along with the male monarch for concern. Chaucer was a really busy man of affairs, and in his trim clip he would compose. He wrote The Canterbury Tales, during the fourteenth-century, a fabliau, which was about a group of people stating their narratives on a pilgrim's journey to the Canterbury Cathedral. The Miller ‘s tale mirrors today ‘s stand-up comedy modus operandis as evident in the Miller ‘s usage of timing, sarcasm, and personal narratives to state his narrative. † A TheA Millers Tale started by speech production of John, a carpenter, and an older gentleman, and his immature married woman, Alison, an 18 twelvemonth old adolescent. He loved her more than he loved himself. John was described as being covetous, because of her age, thereby maintaining her caged. In actuality, he was good hearted and really naA?ve. He was a typical older adult male that merely wanted to work hard and love his married woman. Alison was described as â€Å" wild and immature, with a slender, graceful organic structure † . Today there are older work forces that marry younger adult females, but normally non at such a immature age. John loved his married woman more than himself and most work forces today, who are attracted to immature adult females, are really in love and naA?ve every bit good. Alison was in love with a immature adult male that happened to be her and her hubby ‘s roomie. She was n't in love with John, yet she knew that he would make anything fo r her. At such a immature age, it sounds like she wanted what adult females in today ‘s society, would name a â€Å" sugar dada † , person to give her nutrient, shelter, money and demo her echt love. Nicholas was a clerk, and he was besides John and Alison ‘s roomie. He was immature, wild and a con-artist. He was besides, in love with Alison. Although he ne'er truly described her as did the other characters, the Miller made it evident of his fondness for her. His function in today ‘s society could be compared to a wild college pupil at an Ivy League university. He did n't mind a challenge and finally played the biggest function in the Tale because he plotted a fast one in order to pass clip with the adult female that he loved. He could read people good because he conjured up a program that worked ab initio, to flim-flam John so that he could pass the dark with Alison. He pretended that something was incorrect with him and being naA?ve, John believed him. He spoke about a major inundation and had John hanging bathing tubs. They all got in the bath until John had fallen asleep in the bath, so Alison and Nicholas snuck off to be together. While I do n't cognize anyone in today ‘s society that would travel this far, the play with Nicholas and Alison reminded me of a daytime soap opera sing they would crouch so low as to do up this narrative, and prosecute sexual brushs in Alison ‘s hubbies sleeping room. The last character in the narrative, Absolom, was besides a clerk and in love with Alison. Absolom was â€Å" reasonably and homosexual † , and day-dreamed about Alison. He described her as â€Å" spare, and so sweetly lecherous † . Like John, he was infatuated by Alison. Alison mentioned that â€Å" Absolom is populating in a bubble. He has nil but a laugh for all his problem. † It appeared that he did n't hold a hint about adult females and had ne'er dated before, but was happy merely being allowed to talk to Alison and lavish her with vocals, money and gifts. Today, there are many immature work forces like Absolom, who in secret loves a beautiful adult female but think they have no existent opportunity on holding her so, settle on woolgathering alternatively. The sarcasm of this character is that he was so clueless that he ended up blowing the screen of Nicholas and Alison ‘s love matter by firing Nicholas ‘s butt. I would state that things like th is as it relates to today ‘s society, happens when there is a sloppy deceiver, sloppy things come to visible radiation! Although there was no moral to the narrative, throughout the narrative, each character could be compared to in some facet, with people in today ‘s society. I believe the writer ran across aliens during his travel, and to maintain himself entertained, found ways to compose about these different people and utilize it for his ain ego pleasance. Possibly his occupation was so serious that he had to do visible radiation of any given state of affairs. The writer could hold really good encountered most of these people throughout his life. We will ne'er cognize what his logical thinking was, but it ‘s astonishing to see that people today are still like they were in some facet to the people in the in-between ages. The writer used timing, sarcasm, and personal narratives to maintain people interested, yet it is so closely related to today ‘s society.

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK The WritePass Journal

Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK Abstract Examination of the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 of age in the UK ). Weich (2004) confirmed that some UK based studies have reported an excess in the prevalence of the most common mental disorders of anxiety and depression. The cost of treating depression and other mental problems is a big financial burden to the government. The Centre for Mental Health (2010) concluded that mental problems have not only a human and social cost, but also an economic one, with wider costs in England amounting to  £105 billion a year. Rosenfeld (2009) asserts that very few studies have focused on the causes of depression among young women in the age group of 15-25. Most studies focus on depression on women, men, or adolescents without necessarily narrowing down to young women (Rosenfeld, 2009). The rationale for this study is to identify the causes of depression among the young women aged 15-25, evaluate the effects of depression on the family members and friends, explore the government policy and interventions and then offer recommendations on how to protect the young women from depression. The study of depression in young women is important because the depression suffered at this age group has a direct effect on the f uture lives of these women (Thomas et al 2008). It is therefore important to look into ways of protecting them against depression because this will not only save the government money that is currently being used on treatment but also ensure that the young women enter the early adulthood stage with a strong mental ability. To the healthcare profession, this study will be helpful in the treatment of depression through making maximum use of preventive measures and formulating a basis for further research on ways of reducing the rates of depression among women aged 15-25. Aims and Objectives The primary aim of this project is to review literature on the factors that contribute to depression among young women aged 15 to 25 in the United Kingdom. The objectives of the study are as follows: To identify and understand the risk factors responsible for depression as a mental health problem among young women aged 15 to 25 in the UK. To examine the impact of depression on the family and friends of the depressed persons To investigate ggovernment initiatives that support young women with depression Ethics This study addressed ethical and anti- oppressive issues that relate to research and practice. It adhered to all the ethical principles that guide the use of secondary data. The review was conducted with an interest of finding ways of improving the lives of young people with depression through evaluating ways of reducing the causative agents and providing care for the already depressed population. The findings are meant to benefit both the depressed young people and form a basis for future research. Literature Review Methods This review followed an inclusion and exclusion criteria in determining which articles and books to review and which ones to ignore based on the relevance of their content to this dissertation. The journal articles were chosen from EbSCOhost, BNI, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL,  government published documents and policy. Simple electronic database search was then done using the key words as a guiding criterion. All the journals and books were screened by reading the titles, abstract and in some cases full text in deciding which ones were suitable for this research. The key words for the search were â€Å"mental illness, young women, depression, and government policies to address depression†. The database search depended on wildcards and keywords in looking for information in the abstracts, title, subject heading, and full text. The words were used separately and then in combination to ensure that as many relevant articles are reviewed. The criteria for inclusion and exclusion of articles and books The method for selecting articles made use of the inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure that the search generated the best possible articles and books. The inclusion criteria targeted the articles that cover prevalence of depression among women, early adulthood, policy intervention in the United Kingdom, peer reviewed and possible methods of dealing with depression. The exclusion criteria on the other hand included the articles and books published prior to 2001, generalized the youth without separating young women from women, only included children under the age of 15, focused on bipolar mood disorder, studies with small sample sizes (less than 50), and those involving non representative samples like the ethnic minorities. Results A total of 100 citations were considered for the research, out of which 30 duplicate citations were filtered out. The remaining 70 citations were then screened using the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined above. 50 articles were retained for inclusion and the other 20 were excluded from the study. Therefore, this review is based on a sample of 50 citations. The details of the review are availed in the subsequent sections of this literature review. The articles were then grouped into those that cover the general correlates of and prevalence of depression, those that cover young women below the age of 30, and finally those that cover young women still under the care of their parents. Among the 50 citations considered for review, only a small percentage was longitudinal by design. The samples had different sample sizes with the least having 50 and the most having 20,000 participants. General correlates and prevalence of depression The findings of this review reveal that in the cases where the articles made comparisons between the males and females, women were more likely to be affected by depression compared to the males. Out of the 10 articles that compared the two sexes only three posted a different result. The three articles did not find any significant differences in the prevalence rates between young men and young women. The other seven articles all concluded that women are more vulnerable to depression than men. The prevalence rates ranged from as low as 4.3% to a high of 49%. Factors that contribute to depression among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK Lundt (2004, p. 67) claims that in addition to women having higher rates of depression than men, many features of depression differ for women when compared to men. These differences include factors like the likelihood of occurrence, risk factors and the symptoms of depression. This literature review reveals an overwhelming support for a multidimensional model of the risk factors for depression in women with a complex relationship being exhibited between life stress, social, biological, sex role socialization and developmental factors. Hales (2008, p. 33) asserts that currently, the exact neurophysiological mechanisms surrounding depression have not yet been identified although stress appears to play a crucial role in the onset of depressive episodes particular at the initial stages. While the conventional perception of depression supports biopsychosocial model of risk factors, more contemporary conceptualizations and research emphasize on the impact of the sex role socialization (Tho mas, et al 2008, p. 41). The societal gender expectations have a direct influence on how to deal with depression. The women who are forced to adopt female roles that are more stereotyped often experience more depression compared to the ones that are not exposed to such hostile environments. Ussher (2010, p. 13) also adds that women are also more likely to make complex inferences and engage in more ruminative self-focus and this may maintain or even aggravate depression. Walsh (2009, p. 66) notes that there is no single theory explaining the gender differences in depression. In fact the different rates of depression are as a result of multidimensional and interactive issues that are functions of idiographic factors. Rosenfeld (2009, p. 76) supports this further by asserting that integrative biopsychosocial theories of depression have been espoused by many different theories. They note that there are five major categories of risk factors which are: Biological, Life stress, Sex role socialization, Societal/Social and Developmental The interactive model of risk factors is an expansion of the Worrel and Remmer (1992) model (White, Groh, 2007, p. 65). All the five factors are discussed in discrete sections below for purposes of clarity although in reality most of these factors are interrelated and involve more than one factor at a time. It is for this reason then that some factors will appear in more than one section. Biological Factors In the past, most scholars held the assumption that there were two subtypes of depressions, neurotic and endogenous (Stahl et al. 2003, p. 56). The endogenous depressions were believed to be driven by purely biological factors whereas the neurotic depressions were thought to be functions of interpersonal and intrapersonal factors. However, more recent research shows that very few depressions are purely biological and there is a general consensus that most depressions have a biopsychosocial basis (Savoie et al 2004, p. 29) Although genetics play a significant role in unipolar depression, heredity is not an important factor as it is in bipolar depression. Depression affects women throughout their lives and it is caused by a combination of different factors that range from hormonal, pregnancy, postnatal to biological factors (Paxton, Robinson, 2008, p. 16). At a later stage in life women may also suffer from depression caused by menopause. These are the factors that make women more vulnerable to depression than men. Additionally, women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression in their early lives than men. Nimrod (2012, p. 43) found that females start experiencing depression in their early adolescence. The study highlights that depression can occur in the young women and puberty increases the risk. This assertion was supported by Greenblatt (2011, p. 45) who claims that the depression in women mostly starts at puberty. The hormonal levels at puberty are a major cause of depression in young women. The changes in oestrogen and androgen are more responsible for the depression than puberty itself. Hales (2009, p. 77) asserts that t his view is consistent with the fact that depression can be as a result of hormonal changes that are related to the reproductive system of women. This is particularly evident in the young women who often complain of both emotional and physical premenstrual symptoms. The young women may also suffer depression during pregnancy. Erlandsson and Eklund (2006, p. 32) claim that while pregnancy does not necessarily cause depression, pregnant women who have a history of depression are more likely to suffer relapses because of their reluctance to use antidepressant medication. This thought is supported by Castle et al (2006, p. 61) as they highlight the implications of managing and treating depression in women. Their research revealed that although many women are often reluctant to take medication during pregnancy, the effectiveness of using antidepressants outweighs the consequences of untreated depression on both the child and the woman. As such, their research outlines the importance of the role of nurses, health visitors, general practitioners, mental health practitioners and the other health professionals in educating the young pregnant women and their families. Additionally, the research also highlights the importance of taking the risks of managin g and treating depression during pregnancy into consideration as well as empowering the young women to make decisions based on the best guidelines and available evidence. However, every pregnant woman must be considered differently and individually because there are many factors that influence their decisions on whether to use the antidepressants or not. Sleath et al (2005, p. 47) say that additional information is required by both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments and that all medical practitioners must always weigh up the different treatment options available as well as the wishes of the patient before making any decisions. In fact this is the reason why Pestello Davis-Berman (2008, p. 15) asserts that current advice must be provided based on evidence based practice and practice guidelines. Mirowsky and Ross (2003, p. 55) claim that there is often an increased risk of depression after childbirth because of the hormonal changes in the postnatal period. During this time, there is often an influx of other factors like breast feeding that may influence a young woman not to use antidepressants. Although infertility does not lead to depression, the young women struggling with infertility may be susceptible to depression. In fact Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, Stahl (2005, p. 37) claim that depression may play a role in infertility. Some studies indicate a positive correlation between depression symptoms prior to attempting to conceive and infertility. However, the inability to conceive may lead to depression which may in turn affect the probability of being able to conceive (Ravindran, et al 2002, p. 99). Several other medical conditions like anemia, AIDS, Addison’s disease, cancer, diabetes, infectious hepatitis, influenza, systemic lupus, hypothyroidism, multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, hyperthyroidism, mononucleosis, and Cushing’s disease can cause symptoms of depression in young women (Pratt, et al. 2012, p. 21). Furthermore, other medical conditions like heart disease, asthma and hypoglycemia can equally cause anxiety like symptoms. Lazear et al (2008, p. 30) claims that there is a positive correlation between depression and coronary heart disease. Depression occurs with a high rate mostly after coronary heart disease. In fact recent research indicates that depression is a risk factor for coronary heart disease and a predictor of poor outcome (Eklund, Erlandsson, Persson, 2003, p. 48). Life stress factors Hales (2012, p.50) claims that certain types of stressful life events eventually lead to depression in most young women. One of the possible reasons for the intermittent nature of depression is explained by the kindling hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the strength of the association between stressful life events and depressive onsets decrease with an increase in the number of episodes (Eklund et al 2010, p. 82). It is the unspecified changes that take place during the repressive episodes either through learning or brain changes rather than the stressful life events that kindle future episodes. Erlandsson and Eklund (2003, p. 68) note that in people with recurrent depressions, the relationship between stress and depression declines progressively through approximately nine episodes and then stabilises through the future episodes. The stress diathesis theories of depression indicate that depression results from the way an individual interprets the life stressful events (Castle , Kulkarni, Abel, 2006, p. 51). Hopelessness depression is a stress diathesis theory whereby an attributional style interacts with the negative style events to generate specific subtype of depression with symptoms of sadness, loss of motivation and suicidal ideation. In the context of this model, the internal factors (an attributional style) interact with the external factors (negative life events) to produce depression in the young women. Therefore, stress in womens’ lives has a direct impact on the levels of depressions. Caretaking and parenting demands on women often confer an increased risk for depression. Young women with children are particularly vulnerable especially for those that do not work outside the home (Duncan, 2004, p. 58). In fact, the more children in the house the more depression are reported. The responsibility of caring for the aging parents is often left to the adult daughters, which in turn increases their vulnerability to depression. Women seem to be more vulnerable to the negative ef fects of interpersonal relationships (McLeod McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women in unhappy marriages are three times more likely to be depressed than the single ones or men (McLeod McLeod, 2009, p. 28). Women are more vulnerable to interpersonal violence than men are, and depression is a function of interpersonal violence (Beck, Alford, 2009, p. 77). Depression can occur because of psychological and neurological changes caused by the interpersonal traumas. Smith Elliott (2010, p. 44) claim there is a positive correlation between women with histories of childhood sexual and physical abuse and reversed neurovegatative depressive symptoms such as weight gain, increased appetite and hypersomnia, which suggests unique biological processes in trauma related depressions. Depression may also occur because of the effects of brain injuries suffered by battered women (Thomas, et al. 2008, p. 49). Sex Role socialisation Factors Certain types of stereotypical female personality traits as well as the gender role socialisation often contribute to the vulnerability of young women to depression. Weiten (2010, p. 37) claims that women with stereotypical beliefs on the gender roles of women and higher scores of measures of femininity are more vulnerable to depression. Furthermore, gender related personality traits like instrumentality are positively correlated to depression. The same is also true for socially influenced stereotypical female personality traits like dependency and passivity, which are conceptualised as mild manifestations of depression (Gotlib Hammen, 2010, p. 22). Societal / Social factors Women are more likely to face lowered social status in work roles, family roles and community roles. Despite the gains, women have made both economically and socially, inequality between the sexes continues to persist in the society (Kittleson Denkmire, 2005, p. 09). The reinforcement deficit theory postulated by Worrell and Remer (1992) indicates that depression is related to an unfavourable ratio between positive and negative person environment outcomes (Pettit Joiner, 2005, p. 64). The low rate of positive outcomes is assumed to be caused by the increase in passive behaviour and dysphoric mood as the young women feel incapable of attaining personal goals leading to eventual withdrawal and despair. The inequity in family decision-making and access to family finance can cause women to feel powerless and unimportant, precursors to depression. Kantor (2007, p. 18) asserts that poverty is a pathway to depression. The majority of the people living in poverty in the United Kingdom are women and children. Dobson and Dozois (2008, p. 13) note that 10% of new cases of major depression are caused by poverty. The same is supported by Diamond (2005, p. 73) who hypothesises that depression is a function of financial hardships and poverty. Although gender differences in rates of depression do not differ by culture, the ethnic minority women and lesbians are at a higher risk because of the complexity and number of risks that they face on daily basis (Friedman, Anderson, 2010, p. 63). The ethnic minority young women are more likely to be subjected to different socioeconomic factors for depression like ethnic/ racial discrimination, segregation into low status and high-risk jobs, lower educational and income levels, unemployment, single parenthood, poor health, marital dissolution and larger family sizes. Greenblatt (2011, p. 31) adds that being a member of a non-dominant group can also lead to experiences of discrimination and oppression, which are risk factors. Additionally, intragroup and intergroup racism are also stressors that lead to poor health and psychological distress. Cultural role prescriptions for some ethnic minority women may at times lead to depression. For instance, for the Asian and British Indian wome n, the cultural norms of deference, passivity and courtesy may result in difficulties in self-assertion especially regarding issues of power consequently resulting in depression. Experiences of migration for any ethnic minority group may result in lack of social support, cultural conflicts, identity confusion, cultural adjustments, and feelings of powerlessness and diminished social status. Developmental Factors Gerrity et al (2001, p. 48) point out that prior developmental experience have a direct influence on the adult susceptibility to depression. This is particularly true for the individuals who have a history of neglect, abuse and parental loss as well as those that were brought up by depressed mothers. Additionally, the subsequent developmental transitions and the accompanying stressors increase the vulnerability of young women to depression. The developmental pathway of women often contain five major key points that begin when they start showing increased rates of depression in adolescence, continuing to the transitions on young adulthood, midlife and old age. Ussher (2010, p. 77) asserts that each of these transitions is accompanied by challenges and stresses. The intensity of these factors varies depending on the unique personality of an individual, social contexts, familial and social support, and life circumstances. One such interactive model indicates that girls arrive at the ado lescence stage with more pre-existing factors than boys do and these factors interact with social and biological changes of adolescence, which then extend into adulthood (Peacock Casey 2000, p. 74). The young women in the age bracket of 15 to 25 are in the period of young adulthood. This period is a time of potential stress and strain for them because it is a time when they must make important interpersonal and vocational life choices that include decisions related to marriage and motherhood (White Groh, 2007, p. 17). The young mothers with children at home face higher risks of depression. Epidemiological data indicates that the mid to late 20’s is the age at which women start experiencing depression because of the many decisions that they have to make (Stahl, et al 2003, p. 94). In the period of transition to adulthood, the women that were exposed to childhood adversities are more likely to be depressed compared to the ones that did not go through such terrible childhoods. The mid 20’s is the first time a woman must face the harsh realities of life in the context of the dreams and visions mapped out in the adolescence period. The discovery that adulthood is not a s she expected often thrusts most women into despair and confusion. The fact that the young women are facing the challenges and stresses of adulthood for the first time in their lives makes them feel unprepared as the demands of adult life are at times very overwhelming (Ferentinos, et al. 2011,p. 63). These stresses make the young adult women vulnerable to psychological distress, particularly depression. Effects of depression on family and friends of the patients Weiten (2010) says that when a young woman gets depression, it does not affect her alone as it also has gross effects on their parents, siblings, friends and the whole family. All the people close to the individuals suffering from depression often get extremely worried about the patients. Beck and Alford (2009) claim that the worst part of it is that in most cases these people do not have the knowledge and skills to help the patients. This worsens the situation for the patients, as they feel helpless and in so doing adding more misery to the parents, siblings and close friends. Dobson and Dozois (2008) assert that the family members and friends get worried on the possibility of the young depressed women contemplating suicide because of their unstable conditions. In as much as they are always willing to help these young depressed women get back to the normal swing of things, the ways of doing it makes the whole thought a mirage. Therefore, they end up being very focused on them, alway s worrying for them and having difficult time connecting with the depressed young women because depression inhibits their ability to interact with other people. Depression hurts the young women both mentally and physically inhibiting their ability to work and function. The people who have affection for the young girls are often hurt by the experiences of their loved ones (Thomas et al 2008). Unlike the other physical illnesses, depression is not easily visible to people without prior experience. In fact, many people have no idea of its causes or treatment (Sleath et al 2005). The intangibility of the illness makes it very hard for the family and friends who are not able to feel or see the intensity of the suffering. Some family members and friends even deny the existence of depression because of the confusing nature of the illness. Castle, Kulkarni, Abel (2006) claim that some family members and friends consider depression as a sign of personal weakness, while others often end up fighting alongside their depressed friends and family members. These too cases are both extreme and cause grief especially because the depressed young girls feel f rustrated, misunderstood or overstretched to recover quickly. Demyttenaere, De Fruyt, and Stahl (2005) say that the symptoms of depression are very difficult to interpret. The young girls often get withdrawn and have little energy to perform ordinary daily tasks. Unfortunately, this is at times misinterpreted by the other family members as a lack of effort in helping in the daily house chores. Evaluation of initiatives for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UK The purpose of this part of the dissertation is threefold: Make reference to some policies that touch on mental health of young women in the United Kingdom; Highlight some of the progress made by the government in helping the young people suffering from mental health problems; Identify the weaknesses and gaps in the policy and support and what should be done to improve their effectiveness. Owing to the large number of government policies on the young people, this dissertation will be highly selective in approach. INITIATIVES The National Service Framework for children, young people and maternity services policy contains the 11 standards that contribute to the mental well being of the young people. In 2007, the government developed the National Indicator Set to enable the central government manage the performance of the local government. These indicators were as follows: NI50, which monitors the emotional health of the children and young people; NI51 to monitor the effectiveness of government policy. The Children and Young People in Mind (CAMHS) made recommendations that highlight the role of all universal services like the police and midwives in promoting the mental health of children and young people. The government implemented two of its recommendations through the creation of National Advisory Council (NAC) and National CAMHS Support Service (NCSS). The role of the NAC is to hold the government accountable in ensuring that all the recommendations are met. The NCSS, on the other hand, was charged with the role of continually improving and sustaining service delivery. The New Horizons (2009) made mental health the responsibility of everyone. It required all the government departments to work as a team in the prevention of mental health problems and develop resilience in the households. It paid special attention to the need of improving transition from adolescence to adulthood and emphasised the importance of prevention of mental illnesses. In 2010, the Keeping Children and Young People in Mind applauded the need for the government to invest in the mental health and emotional well-being of the children and young people. The Progress Made The investment in CAMHS led to increased advocacy in building resilience, early intervention, general well being and the called for support from families. As a result, there was an increase in the number of professional staff to offer services to the young people (Ferentinos et al 2011). However, the progress was slower for the 16 and 17 year olds as evidenced by the increased number of young people of this age spending time in psychiatric hospitals. This implies that comprehensive implementation of CAMHS is not easy and will require more time and commitment from all the stakeholders. The Mental Health Promotion Driving Policy in the New Horizons is performing well although it is mainly adult focused which places the young women at an increased risk of being lost in the bigger agenda. The Challenges and Recommendations Most of the government policies on young people are properly aspirational although turning them into reality on the ground remains the biggest challenge. The process of implementation is very critical as it underlines the efficiency of the policies. It will be impossible to realise the vision of these policies without total commitment and consistent long term funding. This is why it is advisable for the government to look into ways of ensuring better management and leadership to ensure that these services reach the people as envisaged in the policies. Presently, there is still a gap in the logic on the empowerment of people, families and communities on taking care of mental health (Castle, Kulkarni, Abel, 2006). Many people have gone through the process of intervention but the real solution lies on empowering individuals with the skills, knowledge and resources to deal with mental health challenges on their own. Helping the young women with self-awareness, social and emotional skill s, and foster knowledge will help them take the responsibility for their mental health and emotional well-being. Conclusion This dissertation has identified the factors that contribute to a mental health problem (depression) among young women 15 to 25 of age in the UK. The secondary research also assessed the effects of the condition on the family and friends of the patients and then evaluated the policy and support for tackling the mental health problems among young women in the UK. The extensive review of academic articles and books revealed that the young women aged 15 to 25 are exposed to the risk of being depressed as a result of the interplay between biological and environmental factors. Furthermore, the rates of depression were found to be higher in the women population compared to men. The study also revealed that depression in the young women of this age bracket has negative effects on their family and friends. The worst part of it is that the family and friends are always willing to help their loved ones recover from mental health problems but are prevented from doing so because of their lack of knowledge and skills in handling depression. As a result, depression ends up disrupting the relationship between the patients and their loved ones who equally end up being distressed as well. The government has enacted many policies to contain mental health problems in the country, however there are still challenges as highlighted in the discussion. These policies although aspirational, still need more commitment in terms of funding, leadership and management for them to have their intended impact in the country. Recommendations The policies for helping the young girls aged 15 to 25 have already been identified and enacted by the government. The only challenge remaining is the implementation process, which is proving to be difficult as evidenced by the high number of young girls spending their time in the psychiatric hospitals. This can be addressed through increasing the amount of funds allocated to the project. This increase will enable the government to reach more people and empower them with the knowledge and skills on how to handle mental illnesses. As already outlined, the family members and friends are always willing to help the depressed young women but then they lack the necessary knowledge and skills. Equipping these people with the knowledge and skills will be helpful in reducing the rates of depression among young women aged 15 to 25 because they have a close contact and better understanding of their loved ones. Additionally, consistent evaluation and assessment of the policies will also be helpf ul to the government in terms of identifying new ways of helping the young girls. Limitations of the study The study was only reliant on secondary data as the researcher was not able to interact directly with the respondents. This implies that the errors that may have been made by the secondary data could have been replicated in the outcomes of this study. Secondly, very few policies are tailored for this particular age group so the policies used were those overlapping between late adolescence and early adulthood. This may have in some way affected the results although the impact may not be that big given that the age group of 15 to 25 lie in the same period of late adolescence and early adulthood. Bibliography Beck, A. T., Alford, B. A. (2009). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Brady,. T. (2013) Women suffer up to 40 per cent more mental health problems than men due to stress of juggling roles [Online] Available at: dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2329398/Women-suffer-mental-health-problems-men-stress-juggling-roles-according-study.html#ixzz2kxhqQufV[Accessed on: 09/11/13] Castle, D. J., Kulkarni, J., Abel, K. M. (2006). Mood and anxiety disorders in women. Cambridge: UK: Cambridge University Press Centre for Mental Health (2010) The Economic and Social Costs of Mental Health Problems in 2009/10. Centre for Mental Health [Online] Available at: centreformentalhealth.org.uk/pdfs/Economic_and_social_costs_2010.pdf.[Assessed on: 13/11/13] Demyttenaere, K., De Fruyt, J., Stahl, S. M. (2005). The many faces of fatigue in major depressive disorder. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8 , 93–105. Diamond, J. (2005). The irritable male syndrome: Understanding and managing the 4 key causes of depression and aggression. Emmaus, PA: Rodale. Dobson, K. S., Dozois, D. (2008). Risk Factors in Depression. Burlington: Elsevier. Duncan, K. A. (2004). Healing from the trauma of childhood sexual abuse: The journey for women. Westport, Conn: Praeger. Eklund, M., Bckstrà ¶m, M., Lissner, L., Bjà ¶rkelund, C. Sonn, U. 2010, Daily activities mediate the relationship between personality and quality of life in middle-aged women, Quality of Life Research, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 1477-86. Eklund, M., Erlandsson, L.-K., Persson, D. (2003). Occupa-tional value among individuals with long-term mental illness. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70 (5), 276–284 Erlandsson, L.-K., Eklund, M. (2003). The relationships of hassles and uplifts to experience of health in working women. Women and Health, 38 (4), 19–37 Erlandsson, L.-K., Eklund, M. (2006). M. Levels of complexity in patterns of daily occupations: relationships to women’s well-being. Journal of Occupational Science, 13 (1), 27–36. Ferentinos, P., Kontaxakis, V., Havaki-kontaxaki, B., Dikeos, D. Lykouras, L. 2011, Psychometric evaluation of the Fatigue Severity Scale in patients with major depression, Quality of Life Research, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 457-65. Friedman, E. S., Anderson, I. M. (2010). Managing depression in clinical practice. London: Springer. Gerrity, M. S., Williams, J. W., Dietrich, A. J., Olson, A. L. (2001). Identifying physicians likely to benefit from depression education: A challenge for health care organizations. Gotlib, I. H., Hammen, C. L. (2010). Handbook of depression. New York: Guilford Press. Greenblatt, J. M. (2011). The Breakthrough Depression Solution: A Personalized 9-Step Method for Beating the Physical Causes of Your Depression. North Branch: Sunrise River Press. Greenblatt, J. M. (2011). The Breakthrough Depression Solution: A Personalized 9-Step Method for Beating the Physical Causes of Your Depression. North Branch: Sunrise River Press. Hales, D. R. (2008). An invitation to health. Australia: Thomson/Wadsworth. Hales, D. R. (2009). An invitation to health. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Hales, D. R. (2012). An invitation to health: Choosing to change. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Kantor, M. (2007). Lifting the weight: Understanding depression in men, its causes and solutions. Westport, Conn: Praeger. Kidd,. .A..S. et al, (2013). The role of gender in housing for individuals with severe mental illness: a qualitative study of the Canadian service context.[Online] Available at:ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669714/[Assessed on: 11/11/13] Kittleson, M. J., Denkmire, H. (2005). The truth about fear and depression. New York: Facts On File. Lazear, K.J., Pires, S.A., Isaacs, M.R., Chaulk, P. Huang, L. 2008, Depression among Low-Income Women of Color: Qualitative Findings from Cross-Cultural Focus Groups, Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 127-33. Lundt, L. (2004). Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: An open-label pilot study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 81, 173–178. Manderscheid,.R. W. et al (2010) Evolving Definitions of Mental Illness and WellnessPrev Chronic Dis.  7(1):A19[Online] Available at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2811514/[Assessed on: 10/11/13] McLeod, M. N., McLeod, M. N. (2009). Lifting your depression: How a psychiatrist discovered chromiums role in the treatment of depression. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications. Medical Care,39, 856–866 Mirowsky, J., Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Nimrod, G. (2012). From knowledge to hope: Online depression communities. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 11(1), 23-30 Paxton, K. C., Robinson, W. L. (2008). Depressive symptoms, gender, and sexual risk behavior among African-American adolescents: Implications for prevention and intervention. Journal of Prevention Intervention in the Community, 35(2), 49-62. Peacock, J., Casey, J. (2000). Depression. Mankato, Minn: LifeMatters. Pestello, R G., Davis-Berman, J. (2008). Taking anti-depressant medication: A qualitative examination of internet postings. Journal of Mental Health, J 7(4), 349-360. Pettit, J. W., Joiner, T. E. (2005). The interpersonal solution to depression: A workbook for changing how you feel by changing how you relate. Oakland (Calif.: New Harbinger Publications Pratt, L. A., Xu, R, McQuillan, G. M., Robitz, R. (2012). The association of depression, risky sexual behaviours and herpes simplex virus type 2 in adults in NHANES, 2005-2008. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88, 40-44. Ravindran, A. V., Matheson, K., Griffiths, J., Merali, Z., Anisman, H. (2002). Stress, uplifts, and quality of life in subtypes of depression: A conceptual frame and emerging data. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71, 121-130. Rosenfeld, J. A. (2009). Handbook of womens health. 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Brain circuits determine destiny in depression: A novel approach to the psychopharmacology of wakefulness, fatigue, and execu-tive dysfunction in major depressive disorder.Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64 Thomas, N., Sleath, B.L., Jackson, E., West, S. Gaynes, B. 2008, Survey of Characteristics and Treatment Preferences for Physicians Treating Postpartum Depression in the General Medical Setting, Community mental health journal, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 47-56. Ussher, J. M. (2010). Are we medicalizing womens misery? A critical review of womens higher rates of reported depression. Feminism Psychology, 20(1), 9-35 Walsh, L. (2009). Depression Care Across the Lifespan. Chichester: John Wiley Sons. Weich S, Twigg L, Lewis G. (2004) Rural/non-rural differences in rates of common mental disorders in Britain: prospective multilevel cohort study.[Online] Available at: .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16388070[Assessed on: 12/11/13] Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology: Themes variations. Belmont, Calif: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. White, M. L., Groh, C. J. (2007). Depression and quality of life in women after a myocardial infarction.The Journal of Cardio-vascular Nursing, 22 (2), 138–144 World Health Organization (WHO) report (2010) .Mental health: strengthening our response [Online] Available at: who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs220/en/[Assessed on: 08/11/13]

Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese

Sentence Ending Particles in Japanese In Japanese, there are many particles that are added to the end of a sentence. They express the speakers emotions, doubt, emphasis, caution, hesitation, wonder, admiration, and so on. Some sentence ending particles distinguish male or female speech. Many of them dont translate easily. Ka Makes a sentence into a question. When forming a question, the word order of a sentence does not change in Japanese. Nihon-jin desu ka.æâ€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€šAre you Japanese?Supeingo o hanashimasu ka.ã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'šã‚ ¤Ã£Æ' ³Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ © ±Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ â€¹Do you speak Spanish? Kana/Kashira Indicates that you are not sure about something. It can be translated as I wonder ~. Kashira㠁‹ã â€"ら is used only by women. Tanaka-san wa ashita kuru kana.ç” °Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¯Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªI wonder if Mr. Tanaka will come tomorrow.Ano hito wa dare kashira.㠁‚㠁 ®Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¯Ã¨ ª °Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€"らI wonder who that person is. Na (1) Prohibition. A negative imperative marker used only by men in very informal speech. Sonna koto o suru na!㠁 Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ªDont do such a thing! (2) Casual emphasis on a decision, suggestion or opinion. Kyou wa shigoto ni ikitakunai na.ä »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  ¯Ã¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£ Å¸Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  ªI dont want to go to work today.Sore wa machigatteiru to omou na.㠁 Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¯Ã©â€"“é â€¢Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ¨Ã¦â‚¬ Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªI think that is wrong. Naa Expresses emotion, or a casual remark of wishful thinking. Sugoi naa.㠁™ã â€Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€šHow great it is!Mou sukoshi nete itai naa.も㠁†å °â€˜Ã£ â€"Ã¥ ¯ Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ â€šI wish I could sleep in a little more. Ne/Nee Confirmation. Indicates that the speaker wants the listener to agree or confirm. It is similar to English expressions dont you think so, isnt it? or right?. Ii tenki desu ne.㠁„㠁„å ¤ ©Ã¦ °â€"㠁 §Ã£ â„¢Ã£  ­Its a beautiful day, isnt it?Mou nakanaide ne.も㠁†æ ³ £Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£  §Ã£  ­Please dont cry anymore, okay?

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

(Economics) DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS - Essay Example ng to the ILO, in 2004, 246 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 years were child labourers.2 This is not a new problem and throughout history their have been instances of child labour in almost all parts of the world. Starting twentieth century, attempts have been made to end child labour permanently. Unfortunately, developing countries, where the problem is most acute, have proved to be immune to legislative interventions. In this essay, we try to understand the reasons why legislations have failed to end child labour and discuss other measures and their efficacy. As early as in 1867, Karl Marx in â€Å"Capital† had outlined a formal model for the causes of child labour. Marx had noted that while technology ideally would require less labour, lower demand for labour would depress wages and hence it was worthwhile for capitalist to use labour liberally and for the workers to have their entire family work to make ends meet.3 In modern times, the most well-known economic model of child labour is from Basu and Van4. The Basu-Van Model argues that low income economies are characterized by multiple equilibria. There is a bad equilibrium in which the adult wages are low and the child wages even lower and so the parents are compelled to send their children to work in order to survive. The good equilibrium is when adult wages are high and no children are offered in the labour market. In between these two equilibria is the state when both the good and the bad equilibria exist. Unfortunately, both the good and the bad equilibria can be stable, i.e. if the economy is in the state of bad equilibrium, it is unlikely to get out of it. The Basu-Van model is based on two assumptions. The â€Å"Luxury Axiom† asserts that households send their children to work only when driven by poverty and a non-working child is a luxury good. The â€Å"Substitution Axiom† asserts that adult and child labour is substitut able. The figure below shows the Basu-Van Model. Thus, we see that

Where does the law apply and the legal position in different Term Paper

Where does the law apply and the legal position in different organizations - Term Paper Example Property law deals with acquisition, ownership and disposal of both movable and immovable property. Private law is a branch of the legal system which regulations relationships and duties that individuals owe to each other (Weinrib, 1995). Some of the branches of private law include commercial law that deals with business contracts and other legally binding contracts between individuals. Tort law is another branch of private law that deals with civil wrongs which are independent of contracts such as negligence and defamation committed to other individuals. Family law is another aspect of private law that covers domestic relations like marriage, adoption and divorce (Weinrib, 1995). Labor law is another branch of private law that is interested in solving employment disputes such as collective bargaining agreement issues, dismissals and redundancy. Private law also includes property law that deals with the acquisition and disposal of property such as real estate property and the rights of individuals to the individuals (Weinrib, 1995). Inheritance and succession law deals with inheri tance of property and wills. Private international law is also part of this branch of the legal system and deals with laws governing nationality, immigration, laws on aliens and nationality laws. Private international law is mainly covered by the international treaties that govern the rights of aliens and asylum seekers in other countries (Weinrib, 1995). The person bring the case under private law is known as the claimant while the person being sued is the defendant (Cooke, 2011). Tort Law is the main branch of private law. Tort is a civil wrong, breach of trust or equitable obligation, and it is independent of contract. The remedies for torts are a common law action for unliquidated damages. Torts arise when one person owes duties to another due to operation of law. The main objectives of Tort law are to restore rights of individual